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Skin Pigmentation

Pigments found in the skin play a significant role in determining skin color. Skin pigments can include; those that are naturally present in the skin and those that are not often seen in the skin. In addition to pigments, blood flow in the skin affects its colour.

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Pigments that are naturally found in the skin

  • The presence of several chromophores affects skin color
  • The most significant pigment is melanin, which is produced by melanocytes

Pigments normally present in the skin

Chromophore Color
Deoxygenated hemoglobin Blue
Oxyhemoglobin Red
Melanin
  • In epidermis
  • In dermis

  • Brown
  • Blue

Melanocytes

The skin pigmentation, referred to as melanin content, determines the color of the skin. Melanocyte cells, found in the bottom layer of the skin, create melanin pigment, which shields the skin from the harmful UV radiation of the sun. The color of the skin can be impacted by damaged melanocytes. Depending on what is causing it and how the disease develops, it may affect a small portion or the entire body.

Genetic factors determine the amount of melanin in the skin; those with more melanocytes typically have darker skin, while those with fewer melanocytes usually have lighter skin. In addition, numerous factors, such as sun exposure, hormonal changes, skin traumas, and specific medical diseases, can impact this skin condition.

Abnormal Skin Pigments

Sometimes pigments that are ordinarily absent from the skin develop and change the skin color.

These pigments could be:

  • Endogenous: like hemosiderin.
  • Exogenous: like tattoos, nutritional supplements, topical applications, etc.
CAUSE COLOR
EXOGENOUS
Topical applications Silver nitrate
Gentian violet
Brilliant green
Potassium permanganate
Dithranol
Iodine
Black
Violet
Green
Brown
Mauve
Yellow
Drugs Clofazimine
Minocycline
Phenothiazines
Red orange
Blue black
Slate gray
Tattoo pigments Carbon Cobalt
Chrome
Mercury
Iron
Blue Black
Blue
Green
Red
Brown
Diet Carotene Orange
ENDOGENOUS
Hemoglobin derived Methemoglobin
Sulfhemoglobin
Carboxyhemoglobin
Bilirubin
Hemosiderin
Blue
Blue
Pink
Yellow
Brown

Skin Pigmentation Disorders

These diseases cause the skin to produce either too little or too much melanin, affecting the skin's color. A few common disorders that develop from changes in melanin production are as follows.

  1. Hyperpigmentation (dark spots)
  2. Hypopigmentation (light spots)
  3. Depigmentation (white spots or patches)

Causes of Skin Pigmentation

Numerous factors can contribute to this condition, including:

  • Sun exposure: Excessive exposure can increase the synthesis of the pigment melanin, resulting in hyperpigmentation, such as age or sun spots.
  • Hormonal changes: Melasma, frequently seen in pregnant women and women on hormonal birth control, is a skin color change brought on by fluctuations in hormone levels.
  • Genetics: Some skin pigmentation abnormalities, such as albinism, are hereditary and genetic.
  • Injury or inflammation: Injury or inflammation to the skin can result in dark spots or patches of skin due to post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.
  • Medication: Some medicines, such as chemotherapy, can alter skin color.
  • Aging: Age-related hypopigmentation or uneven skin tone is a natural effect of the skin's natural loss of melanin as we age.
  • Skin conditions: A few skin conditions, like vitiligo, can depigment or lighten the skin.
  • Smoking, a poor diet, and insufficient sleep are all examples of lifestyle variables that can affect skin color.

Symptoms of Skin Pigmentation

Here are a few of the typical signs and symptoms:

  • Dark spots or patches on the skin
  • Light or white patches on the skin
  • Uneven skin tone or discoloration
  • Loss of skin color in certain areas
  • Freckles or moles that change in color or size
  • Itching, redness or irritation of the affected skin
  • Dryness or flaking of the skin in the affected area
  • Swelling or inflammation around the affected area
  • A sudden increase in the number of dark spots or patches

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